Occurrence of Spontaneous Mammary Intraepithelial Neoplasia in the Canine Mammary Glands and Estrogen Receptor Reactivity
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both man and
dog. Dogs, however, develop tumors approximately twice as
frequently as their human counterparts. Studies have found that
45% of dogs that live to be 10 years or older die of cancer (Hahn et
al., 1994). Mammary cancer is the most common neoplasm in the
female dog, representing 52% of all neoplasms (E. G. Macewen,
1990). Benjamin, Lee, and Saunders found that 70.8% of the female
beagles had at least one mammary neoplasm; two males were also
found to have them. This study also found a significant association
among related animals in the estimation of possible carcinoma.
Some families were also predisposed to an early onset of cancer
(1999). Prevalence also varies by breed, with the Chihuahua having
the lowest incidence (Benjamin, Lee, and Saunders, 1999). Some
breeds have shown to have increased risk of breast cancer; these
include the smaller types of poodles, several types of spaniels,
German Shepherds, Yorkshire Terriers, and Dachshunds (Sorenmo,
2003).
Dogs are useful in cancer prevention studies. While the
study is done in canines, it may also be applied to fight human
breast cancer. Other non-human mammals are often used, full
clinical tumors are studied in mice using human cancer cells which
can be injected and then grown. But for studying cancer
development and progression, spontaneous cancer in dogs is a better
model than the induced cancers in other laboratory animals.
Prostate, bladder, and bone cancer in canines are very similar to
their human counterparts (Knapp and Waters, 1997). Because pets
are exposed to the same environmental factors, their cancers
develop in much more similar pattern to humans. Dogs also have
metabolism that better match that of humans, in contrast to
laboratory rodents, making preliminary drug tests more meaningful
(Knapp and Waters, 1997).
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